![]() The corneal epithelial barrier maintains the metabolic activities of the ocular surface by regulating membrane transporters and metabolic enzymes responsible for the homeostasis of the eye as well as the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs. The introduced novel techniques may have great potential for clinical applications in corneal repair including disease modeling, 3D pattern scheming, and personalized medicine. Additionally, other emerging powerful techniques such as 5D printing as a new branch of scaffold-based technologies for construction of tissues other than the cornea are highlighted and suggested as alternatives for corneal reconstruction. In this review, the application and limitation of the recently-used advanced approaches for regeneration of cornea are discussed. Therefore, alternative approaches based on stem-cell transplantation and classic regenerative medicine have been developed for corneal regeneration. However, the scarcity of healthy tissue donations as well as transplantation failure has remained as the biggest challenges in confront of corneal grafting. ![]() Corneal trans-plantation is among the most applicable surgical procedures for repairing the defected tissue. It serves as a guide for new members of this dynamic field to navigate the existing scientific and market space.Ĭornea as the outermost layer of the eye is at risk of various genetic and environmental diseases that can damage the cornea and impair vision. This review traces the history, examines the scientific foundation and envisages the prospect of these renowned Organ-on-a-Chip technologies. Organ-on-a-Chip startups have begun to spawn from academic research to fill this commercial space and are attracting investment to transform the drug discovery industry. ![]() Building on this knowledge, emerging Organ-on-a-Chip technology is poised to fill the gaps in drug screening by offering predictive human tissue models with methods of sophisticated tissue assembly. ![]() Recent insights gained through fundamental biological studies have validated the importance of dynamic cell environments and cellular communication to the expression of high fidelity organ function. To curb the high cost of drug development, there is an urgent need to develop more predictive tissue models using human cells to determine drug efficacy and safety in advance of clinical testing. Further improvements and the development of new systems are of upmost importance, especially to model complex disorders affecting several tissues. There is a great potential for the application of these platforms for future pharmacological target identification, safety, and efficacy testing, as well as personalized medicine. Additionally, novel OoC systems with applications in ophthalmology are described and the advantages of these systems compared to conventional models are highlighted.Įxpert opinion: The physiological relevance of the first ophthalmic OoC systems that mimic human ocular compartments, such as the cornea and retina, has been successfully demonstrated in recent years. ![]() Microphysiological organ-on-a-chip (OoC) technology represents a novel and powerful approach to overcome the limitations of conventional model systems and lead to a paradigm shift in ophthalmic research.Īreas covered: This review provides an overview of the various tissues of interest in ophthalmology and summarizes existing model systems, including their applications and limitations. Nevertheless, for many of these disorders, there are still no effective treatment options available due to the lack of in vitro model systems that emulate the physiological in vivo structure and function of human eyes. Introduction: Disorders of the eye that lead to visual impairment are affecting millions of people worldwide. ![]()
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